Outcasting in society essays

Outcasting in society essays Author Norman Maclean said it is those who know us and love us that elude us often times in society this is the case. Family, people we look upon for advice and help when in need cast away. In Normal Macleans book A River Runs Through It the book is told through the eyes of Normal looking upon the actions of his brother, Paul, of whom is an outcast in society and his family. So many things affect the way that a person is looked at. Whether is be appearance, intelligence, wealth, class, or even one slight action that took place can effect the way society castes you. Sarah, a character in Harold Pinters The French Lieutenants Woman knows the feeling of solitude all too well. Being discovered in an affair with a passing French soldier. Everyday she looks upon her action as a mistake I did it..so that I should never be the same again, so that I should be seen for the outcast I am. (Pinter 44)Abigail Williams is a young girl in her prime with an already shameful reputation. She to has be en caught in an affair with a local married man. If that crime in itself is not enough she was also caught practicing witchcraft with a local African servant. Abby denies all accusations yet is still put through trial. Society places limits on what you can and cannot do. Some things are not proper, others arent mannerly so many things could place one at risk for being an outcast today in society. In the books A River Runs Through It, The Crucible, and The French Lieutenants Woman a character is afflicted with being an outcast. Each has committed an action that society did not find acceptable and now theyre judged and highly ignored by the norm. Its also very important to remember that being an outcast isnt just based on something you do and can be held responsible for. It can sometimes ...

Definition and Examples of Cooperative Overlap

Definition and Examples of Cooperative Overlap In conversation analysis, the term cooperative overlap refers to a face-to-face interaction in which one speaker talks at the same time as another speaker to demonstrate an interest in the conversation. In contrast, an interruptive overlap is a competitive strategy in which one of the speakers attempts to dominate the conversation. The term cooperative overlap was introduced by sociolinguist Deborah Tannen in her book Conversational Style: Analyzing Talk Among Friends (1984). Examples and Observations [Patrick] had to wait another five minutes or so before his wife remembered he was there. The two women were  talking at the same time, asking and answering their own questions. They created a whirlwind of happy chaos.(Julie Garwood, The Secret. Penguin, 1992)Mama sat with Mama Pellegrini, the two of them talking so rapidly that their words and  sentences overlapped  completely. Anna wondered, as she listened from the parlor, how they could understand what each was saying. But they laughed at the same time and raised or lowered their voices at the same time.(Ed Ifkovic,  A Girl Holding Lilacs. Writers Club Press, 2002) Tannen on High Involvement Style One of the most striking aspects of high involvement style that I found and analyzed in detail was the use of what I called cooperative overlap: a listener talking along with a speaker not in order to interrupt but to show enthusiastic listenership and participation. The concept of overlap versus interruption became one of the cornerstones of my argument that the stereotype of New York Jews as pushy and aggressive is an unfortunate reflection of the effect of high involvement style in conversation with speakers who use a different style. (In my study I called the other style high considerateness).(Deborah Tannen, Gender and Discourse. Oxford University Press, 1994) Cooperation or Interruption? Cooperative overlap occurs when one interlocutor is showing her enthusiastic support and agreement with another. Cooperative overlap occurs when the speakers view silence between turns as impolite or as a sign of a lack of rapport. While an overlap may be construed as cooperative in a conversation between two friends, it may be construed as an interruption when between boss and employee. Overlaps and interrogative have different meanings depending on the speakers ethnicity, gender, and relative status differences. For example, when a teacher, a person of higher status, overlaps with her student, a person of lower status, typically the overlap is interpreted as an interruption.(Pamela Saunders, Gossip in an Older Womens Support Group: A Linguistic Analysis. Language and Communication in Old Age: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, ed. by Heidi E. Hamilton. Taylor Francis, 1999) Different Cultural Perceptions of Cooperative Overlap [T]he two-way nature of cross-cultural differences typically eludes participants in the throes of conversation. A speaker who stops talking because another has begun is unlikely to think, I guess we have different attitudes toward cooperative overlap. Instead, such a speaker will probably think, You are not interested in hearing what I have to say, or even You are a boor who only wants to hear yourself talk. And the cooperative overlapper is probably concluding, You are unfriendly and are making me do all the conversational work here... (Deborah Tannen, Language and Culture, in An Introduction to Language and Linguistics, ed. by R. W. Fasold and J. Connor-Linton. Cambridge University Press, 2000)